Ubuntu Pro (AppArmor) Vs. Fedora (SELinux) #TeamLinux
Redhat & Canonical—Debian & RHEL, a brief story mentioning almost the whole 9 about the operating systems and security.
Linux: User-friendly for all skill levels, let’s go.
Ga-nome—an open-source, international, and free desktop environment, GNOME is a popular choice for Linux users worldwide. This default desktop environment is built using toolkits like GTK (not to be confused with Qt, which powers other environments like KDE). These toolkits define the "Graphical Control Elements" that shape its user interface, such as buttons, menus, and windows. A desktop environment represents the visual GUI/UX you interact with—whether you're moving a browser window, opening your email folder, or navigating menus. While many Linux distributions offer alternative "flavors" or customizations, GNOME remains a modern and minimalist default for many systems. It combines functionality with simplicity, making it ideal for both beginners and advanced users.. Each spin has a different UI/UX like MATE (ma-tay), SoaS, XFCE, and a few others—Gnome just happens to be my go-to, and favorite since the first time I’ve dual booted and what many other users also use.
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Distro themes, dreams and meme’s—the never ending project(s).
GNOME has historically collaborated with various developers, companies, and projects, including GNU, Eazel, Novell, Metacity, and Adwaita. GNOME started as part of the GNU Project but formally disassociated in 2021.
GNU Project: GNOME was launched in 1997 as part of the GNU Project to create a free desktop environment independent of proprietary software. It disassociated from GNU in 2021, becoming independently managed.
Eazel: This company developed Nautilus, GNOME's flagship file manager, which replaced Midnight Commander in 2001. Nautilus remains a core component of GNOME today.
Novell: Acquired Ximian, a major GNOME contributor, in 2003, further integrating GNOME into enterprise solutions.
Metacity: Adopted as GNOME's default window manager in 2002, later replaced by Mutter.
Adwaita: Became GNOME's default theme, emphasizing modern design and usability.
Gnome which was originally “GNU Network Object Model Environment” and “GNU” itself being another acronym inside an acronym meaning (Gnome not Unix) was developed around 1996–7 in favor of “Kool Desktop Environment” on a solid UNIX kernel foundation.
Linux is mainly and was originally written in the C language publicly known in 1969 by Dennis Ritchie from Bell Laboratories it was recognized and ratified by ANSI and later ISO.
Historically, many of the foundational components of the GNU Project—such as the GNU Linker (ld), GDB debugger, GNU Assembler (as), GCC (GNU Compiler Collection), and the Emacs text editor—were pivotal in creating a free and open-source software ecosystem. These tools formed the backbone of the GNU operating system, which sought to replicate and improve upon Unix-like environments. While GNU provided most of the essential userland tools, its kernel, GNU Hurd, remained incomplete.
The Linux kernel, introduced by Linus Torvalds in 1991.
The “invention” filled the gap and became the missing piece needed to create a fully functional operating system when combined with GNU's userland utilities. This combination is often referred to as "GNU/Linux," though colloquially it is simply called "Linux." The Linux ecosystem was designed with flexibility in mind, allowing it to support a wide range of programming languages through compilers and interpreters. Initially written in C, Linux has since expanded to support languages such as C++, Java, Python, Pascal, Fortran, Ada, Objective-C, and many others via tools like GCC and LLVM/Clang. The GNU Project remains deeply embedded in the tech industry today. Its contributions continue to underpin modern computing systems, providing critical tools and libraries that power everything from servers to embedded devices.
While the Linux kernel became the centerpiece of this ecosystem, GNU's achievements laid much of the groundwork for what we now recognize as modern open-source computing again thanks to: Linus Benedict Torvalds.
Linus Torvalds email at 20:57:08 on August 25, 1991, following the completion:
From: torvalds@klaava.helsnki.fi Newsgroup: Comp.OS.Minix Subject: What would you like to see most in Minix? Summary: Small poll for my new operating system Date: 25 Aug 91 20:57:08 GMT “Hello everybody out there using minix - I’m doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won’t be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing since April, and is starting to get ready. I’d like any feedback on things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles is somewhat (same physical layout of the file-system (due to practical reason) among other things). I’ve currently ported bash(1.08) and gcc(1.40), and things seem to work. This implies that I’ll get something practical within a few months, and I’d like to know what features most people would want. Any suggestions are welcome, but I won’t promise I’ll implement them :-) Linus (torvalds@kruuna.fi)”
The GNU Project played a monumental role in shaping modern computing.
But let’s clear up a few details. While many GNU/Linux systems aim for POSIX compliance (a standard for Unix-like operating systems), full certification is rare due to the complexity and costs involved. However, the GNU tools, libraries, and utilities—combined with the Linux kernel—created an ecosystem that adhered closely to these standards, making it highly interoperable and robust.Now, about early wearable tech: while James Bond-style gadgets have always captured imaginations, the reality of early "smartwatches" was far less glamorous.
Devices with ARM processors, touchscreens, Bluetooth, and fingerprint readers didn’t emerge until much later in the 2000s. Early wearable tech was more experimental and rudimentary compared to today’s standards. The idea of wrist-mounted computers existed in concept (and occasionally in prototypes), but they were far from mainstream or as advanced as described. On to desktop environments: KDE, originally called Kool Desktop Environment, was spearheaded by Matthias Ettrich in 1996. His vision? To simplify the complexity of Unix systems and make them more accessible to everyday users. KDE has since evolved into KDE Plasma, a cutting-edge desktop environment renowned for its customizability and sleek design. Around the same time, two brilliant developers—Miguel de Icaza and Federico Mena—began working on GNOME (GNU Network Object Model Environment). Their goal was to create a free desktop environment that adhered to the principles of the GNU Project while offering an alternative to KDE’s reliance on the proprietary Qt toolkit at the time. GNOME has since become one of the most popular desktop environments, known for its minimalist design and focus on usability. As for GNU itself, it remains synonymous with software freedom—the philosophy of "free as in free speech," not "free as in free beer." This ethos was championed by Richard Stallman, who launched the GNU Project in 1984. Stallman is both revered and controversial: an outspoken advocate for free software who has never shied away from calling out proprietary practices he deems harmful. His work laid the foundation for much of today’s open-source movement.In recent years, however, GNOME formally disassociated from the GNU Project (in 2021), signaling a shift toward independent governance while still adhering to many of its principles. This decision marked a new chapter for GNOME as it continues to innovate within the open-source ecosystem. So, while some of these historical details may have been exaggerated or romanticized (cough James Bond watches), there’s no denying that GNU, KDE, GNOME, and Linux have collectively revolutionized computing—paving the way for everything from powerful mainframes to modern desktops and even wearable devices.
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Ubuntu (oǒ’boǒntoō) for starters was invented by by Mark Shuttleworth
Has a bigger packaging system—but size doesn’t matter, unless we’re talking a beefy security continuum. Ubuntu, often celebrated for its extensive packaging system, offers a vast array of applications, making it an appealing choice for users who desire variety. Whether you're engaged in advanced photo editing, complex code development, or even casual social media browsing, both Ubuntu and Fedora can meet your needs seamlessly. If a specific application isn't available, you can always run it in a virtual machine (VM), ensuring flexibility and access to the tools you require.
Security is paramount, and with AppArmor integrated into Ubuntu, you can work confidently knowing that your applications are safeguarded. AppArmor provides mandatory access control (MAC), allowing you to define security profiles for applications and limiting their access to system resources. This adds an essential layer of protection against potential threats.Visually, Ubuntu distinguishes itself with its unique left-sided taskbar, giving it a signature look and feel that many users appreciate. Canonical, the company behind Ubuntu, has made significant strides over the years by collaborating with major manufacturers like Dell and Lenovo to ensure stable installations that come pre-loaded with proprietary software, drivers, and patches.In the past, users often faced challenges with third-party downloads that could be hit-or-miss on various hardware.
Fortunately, today's Ubuntu installations are designed to run smoothly on a wide range of devices, providing a reliable experience right out of the box. With its user-friendly interface and robust support ecosystem, Ubuntu continues to be a top choice for both newcomers and seasoned Linux enthusiasts alike.
Key Features of Ubuntu:
Enhanced Security: Ubuntu employs AppArmor for mandatory access control, providing a secure environment by restricting application capabilities. It also supports full disk encryption and secure boot.
Package Management: Ubuntu uses APT for package management, alongside Snap and Flatpak for containerized applications.
File System: By default, Ubuntu utilizes ext4, though Btrfs is available for advanced features like snapshots.
Supported Architectures: Ubuntu supports various architectures including x86_64, ARM, and more, catering to a wide range of devices.
Editions Available: Ubuntu offers several editions: Desktop for general use, Server for cloud environments, and Core for IoT applications.
Desktop: Designed for everyday users, this edition features a user-friendly interface with the GNOME desktop environment, along with a comprehensive suite of applications for productivity, media, and internet browsing.
Server: Optimized for server environments, Ubuntu Server provides a lightweight installation without a graphical user interface, making it efficient for hosting applications, websites, and services. It includes built-in security features and regular updates, ensuring a stable platform for enterprise use.
Cloud: This edition is tailored for cloud computing environments, providing tools and services to manage cloud infrastructure efficiently. It supports popular cloud platforms and offers features like Juju for service orchestration and MAAS for physical server management.
Internet of Things (IoT): Ubuntu Core is specifically designed for IoT devices, featuring a fully containerized architecture that ensures robust security and easy updates. It supports various hardware platforms and is optimized for edge computing applications.
Ubuntu Studio: Aimed at creative professionals, this edition comes preloaded with multimedia production tools for audio, video, and graphic design. It provides a rich environment for artists, musicians, and filmmakers.
Kubuntu, Xubuntu, Lubuntu: These are official flavors of Ubuntu that offer alternative desktop environments. Kubuntu features KDE Plasma for a visually appealing interface; Xubuntu uses XFCE for a lightweight experience; Lubuntu is designed to be even more resource-efficient with LXQt.
Canonical was founded in 2004 by Mark Shuttleworth in the United Kingdom.
Around the time when Ian Jackson, Linus Torvalds, and Ben Collins helped create what became known as Ubuntu 4.10 Warty Warthog, the first public .iso burned to a CD. My first installation was 8.10 Hardy Heron on GNOME 2.2, and you can still use Wubi to install version 20.04 today. One of the standout features I remember was the way windows wobbled as you moved them—it's incredible to see how far Ubuntu has come in the past decade with advancements like GVFS, Disk Scheduler, Ext4, Nautilus, and Dpkg. From April to October, it always felt like an eternity waiting for a new beta release while tracking the progression of updates. Ubuntu has partnered with organizations such as Tianhe-2, WIKI, Amazon, Tenable, GE, Azure, NASA, Google, and Walmart. If you're a regular consumer, you might not notice these tech giants' involvement—no offense intended—as they seem to be everywhere yet nowhere at the same time.Ubuntu is utilized in environments ranging from supercomputers to cloud infrastructures and complies with Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS). The transition from Unity to SystemD illustrates its evolution; even Red Hat implementations are part of its ecosystem. UFW is Ubuntu’s default firewall option that allows you to manage security via the command line. Both Ubuntu and Fedora support various security options like pfSense, IPFire, Nftables, and many more open-source and commercial alternatives that I won't delve into here; there's ample documentation available for those interested.
Another highlight is Ubuntu Pro's security compliance features that make it particularly favorable for server and database administrators dealing with HIPAA, PCI-DSS, and other hardening requirements. Extended security maintenance is only available on LTS installations; so if you want the latest features, you may need to compromise somewhere along the line.
Reduce your average CVE exposure time from 98 days to 1 day — Ubuntu Pro | @Canonical
Back when I first installed Ubuntu, you could warm up a Pop-Tart on your keyboard! It feels just like last week that I was nerding out while dual-booting Ubuntu and Windows Vista; both operating systems utilize Bash for command-line operations.
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Fedora (Flexible Extensible Digital Object Repository Architecture) was first released in 2003
It was code-named Yarrow, and initially, not many people were aware of its significance. Developed by the talented Warren Togami, this "bad boy" was running on GNOME 2.4. While Fedora isn't for everyone—similar to Windows or macOS—it powers approximately 70% of web servers and 100% of supercomputers globally, showcasing its robust capabilities.
Key Features of Fedora:
Enhanced Security: Fedora comes with SELinux (Security-Enhanced Linux) enabled out of the box, a feature developed by a U.S. government department that enhances system security by enforcing access control policies.
Package Management: It manages software using RPM, Flatpak, and Snap (not to be confused with Snapchat), providing flexibility in application installation.
File System: By default, Fedora utilizes Btrfs, a modern file system that supports advanced features like snapshots and efficient data management.
Architectures Supported: Fedora supports multiple architectures including x86_64 and ARM AArch64, with additional support for IBM Power64le, IBM Z (s390x), MIPS-64el, MIPS-el, and RISC-V as secondary architectures.
Editions Available: Fedora is available in several editions tailored to different use cases:
Workstation: Designed for developers and everyday users, it ships with GNOME and a comprehensive suite of development tools.
Server: Optimized for data centers and cloud environments, offering a minimal installation focused on stability.
IoT: Tailored for Internet of Things devices with a modular architecture supporting various hardware platforms.
Silverblue: A variant designed for containerized workflows using an immutable filesystem managed by
rpm-ostree, making it ideal for modern application deployment.
Fedora was conceived and launched by Warren Togami in 2002 as part of a Computer Science project at the University of Hawaii.
The primary goal was to establish a repository for well-tested third-party software packages compatible with Red Hat Linux. On November 6, 2003, the Fedora Project transitioned into a fully-fledged Linux distribution with the release of Fedora Core 1, marking its official entry into the open-source community. The Fedora Project emerged as a community-driven initiative following Red Hat's decision to discontinue its retail version of Red Hat Linux, shifting focus to Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL).
Red Hat's transformation into a collaborative platform for open-source development has attracted contributions from a global network of developers and enthusiasts. The name "Fedora" originates from the iconic fedora hat in Red Hat's Shadowman logo, symbolizing its heritage. Today, Fedora stands as an innovative platform that embraces cutting-edge technologies while serving as the upstream source for Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), playing a crucial role in the open-source ecosystem. In 2018, IBM acquired Red Hat, further enhancing its influence in the open-source community. Founded in 1993, Red Hat has significantly shaped the landscape of Linux distributions. Consequently, Fedora is recognized not only as an innovative operating system but also as an American-developed project with strong ties to enterprise solutions through RHEL.Red Hat serves over a thousand companies, including Samsung Electronics and The North Face.
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The company reached its first billion in revenue around 2012, stemming from a 1 MB file created a decade earlier by Marc Ewing and Bob Young. This small initiative has grown into a major player in technology, with investments from companies like Intel and Netscape, and powering supercomputers such as the IBM POWER SYSTEM AC922 and IBM POWER9 22C.Linux now boasts the largest install base of any general-purpose operating system, powering everything from the top 500 supercomputers to Android phones, Chromebooks, embedded devices like Kindle eBook readers, and smart TVs.
Additional Facts About Ubuntu and Fedora
Both Ubuntu and Fedora have embraced Wayland as the default display protocol in the GNOME environment, significantly enhancing visual performance and responsiveness. This modern protocol is designed to address many of the limitations associated with its predecessor, X11.
Wayland vs. X11: Wayland streamlines the communication between applications and the display server, resulting in smoother graphics and reduced latency. It merges the roles of the display server and window manager into a single application, which simplifies the architecture and improves security by limiting how applications can interact with each other. This design minimizes the risk of vulnerabilities such as keylogging, which can occur in X11 environments where applications can monitor input events across different windows.
Display Server Options: Users can choose between various display servers based on their specific hardware and usage preferences. While Wayland is increasingly favored for its efficiency, many users still rely on X.org or X11 for compatibility with legacy applications and certain gaming setups. Both distributions allow users to select their preferred session type at login, enabling flexibility based on individual needs.
Performance Considerations: In Fedora, Wayland has been the default since version 25, while Ubuntu adopted it in version 17.10. Users often report that Wayland provides a better overall experience compared to X11, especially in terms of graphics performance and input responsiveness. However, some applications may not yet be optimized for Wayland, necessitating a fallback to X11 for those specific use cases.
Gaming and Compatibility: For gamers or users who require specific software that may not fully support Wayland, reverting to X.org can be beneficial. Fedora's support for both protocols allows users to choose based on their requirements, while Ubuntu’s approach also emphasizes user-friendliness by providing straightforward options for switching between display servers.
Future Outlook: As development continues, both distributions are likely to see further improvements in Wayland support, making it a more robust option for all users. The ongoing evolution of these technologies will enhance the overall user experience across various applications and use cases.
Yes both Ubuntu and Fedora are at the forefront of adopting modern display technologies like Wayland while maintaining compatibility with legacy systems through X.org. This dual approach ensures that users have access to cutting-edge performance without sacrificing usability or compatibility with existing software.
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Comparison of Firewalld and UFW
Both Firewalld and UFW (Uncomplicated Firewall)serve as front-ends for managing firewall rules in Linux, but they cater to different user needs and scenarios. Here’s a detailed comparison highlighting their features, strengths, and weaknesses.
Dynamic Management vs. Simplicity
Firewalld:
Firewalld is designed for dynamic management of firewall rules, allowing users to modify settings on-the-fly without restarting the service. This capability is particularly beneficial in environments where uptime is critical.
It organizes rules into zones, which categorize network connections based on their trust levels (e.g., public, internal, trusted). Each zone can have its own set of rules, providing granular control over network access.
Firewalld supports both IPv4 and IPv6 NAT, making it suitable for complex networking scenarios. It allows for rich rule definitions, enabling users to create intricate security policies tailored to specific needs.
UFW:
UFW prioritizes simplicity and ease of use, making it an excellent choice for users who prefer straightforward configurations. It utilizes a command-line interface with short, self-explanatory commands that are less intimidating for beginners.
While UFW does not support dynamic zone management like Firewalld, it is highly effective for basic firewall configurations. Users can quickly enable or disable services with simple commands.
Configuration and Usability
Configuration Complexity:
Firewalld uses XML files to define rules, which can be more verbose compared to UFW’s single-line service-named files. This complexity may require a steeper learning curve for new users.
UFW’s syntax is concise and user-friendly, making it easier for less experienced users to grasp basic firewall concepts quickly.
Rate Limiting:
One notable feature of UFW is its built-in rate limiting capabilities. Users can easily set limits on the number of connections from a single IP address within a specified timeframe, which helps mitigate brute-force attacks.
Firewalld does not have a direct equivalent for this feature; however, users can implement similar functionality through custom iptables rules or by using complementary tools like Fail2Ban.
Integration and Compatibility
NetworkManager Integration:
Firewalld integrates seamlessly with NetworkManager, automatically applying zone-based rules based on the active network connection. This feature simplifies firewall management when switching between different networks (e.g., home, office, public Wi-Fi).
UFW does not have this level of integration; users must manually configure firewall settings when changing networks.
Graphical Interfaces:
Both systems offer graphical front-ends: Gufw for UFW provides a minimalist interface that is easy to navigate, while firewall-config serves as the GUI for Firewalld, offering more advanced features but potentially overwhelming new users.
Use Cases
Ideal Scenarios:
Firewalld is better suited for server environments where complex configurations are necessary and where dynamic changes are frequent. Its advanced features make it ideal for administrators managing multiple zones and services.
UFW is often recommended for desktop users or those with simpler needs who want an easy-to-use solution without the complexities of advanced configurations.
Both Firewalld and UFW are effective tools for managing firewall rules in Linux environments. Firewalld excels in dynamic management and complex configurations, making it suitable for servers and advanced users. In contrast, UFW offers simplicity and ease of use, making it an excellent choice for desktop users or those new to Linux. The choice between the two ultimately depends on the user's specific needs and comfort level with firewall management.
Key Security Features
Both Fedora and Ubuntu support Discretionary Access Control (DAC) and Mandatory Access Control (MAC) through Linux Security Modules (LSM), including frameworks like Landlock, TOMOYO, and SMACK. For users who may have reservations about mandatory access control protocols, such as Grsecurity, I have extensive content prepared for future publication that delves into these topics.
One of the critical security enhancements implemented in recent years is Secure Boot, which leverages Trusted Platform Module (TPM) technology to ensure that only trusted software is loaded during the boot process. Additionally, the security of the GRUB bootloader has been significantly improved, safeguarding against unauthorized modifications. Both operating systems provide robust file and disk encryption options, utilizing technologies such as LUKS (Linux Unified Key Setup) for full disk encryption. This method employs AES-256 encryption with a SHA-256 hashing algorithm, ensuring high levels of data protection. Furthermore, both Fedora and Ubuntu support Netfilter for packet filtering, as well as VPN solutions like OpenVPN, complete with graphical user interfaces (GUIs) for ease of use.
Both SELinux and AppArmor enhance Linux security through Mandatory Access Control (MAC), but they differ significantly in their approaches and complexity.
SELinix vs. AppArmor
SELinux: Utilizes security policies based on file labels, denying access by default. It is more complex, requiring detailed configuration, which can lead to misconfigurations. It supports Multi-Level Security (MLS) and Multi-Category Security (MCS).
AppArmor: Employs path-based security profiles, allowing easier configuration and management. It denies access unless explicitly permitted, making it user-friendly but potentially less secure against sophisticated attacks.
While SELinux offers stronger security features and control, its complexity can hinder usability. AppArmor is simpler but may expose systems to greater risks if not configured properly. Thus, SELinux is generally considered more secure for critical environments.
Virtualization and Containerization
Both distributions support virtualization technologies, allowing users to run virtual machines (VMs) and containers seamlessly. Users can test different configurations by running these systems on hypervisors or via live/multi-boot setups.
Recommendations for Users
I encourage users to explore all available spins of both operating systems—there's little to lose aside from potential data loss if backups are neglected. Each version offers unique features that cater to different hardware configurations and user preferences. You’re likely to find one that aligns perfectly with your needs, enhancing both your hardware performance and addressing privacy concerns. Both Fedora and Ubuntu provide comprehensive security frameworks that include DAC and MAC capabilities, advanced encryption methods, and robust virtualization support. These features make them suitable for a wide range of applications, from personal use to enterprise environments.
As always, it’s crucial to stay informed about the latest security practices and tools available within these distributions to maintain a secure computing environment.
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There are many features to enable or configure when it comes to cybersecurity, from sending and receiving emojis and animated file formats to removing administrator access sometimes the entire computer, yes that’s a thing. For more throughout security recommendations I would advise you to consult with your financial advisor if you are looking for a complete upgrade or hardening techniques for your servers or system; my full security recommendation may exceed budgets. I do have checklists and documents on how I secure and enable protocols for my personal and client devices/networks that I may publish in the future, but for now just remember this:
Hardening involves a tradeoff between security and usability.
If you just want information or knowledge to secure your laptop or computer I would purchase the “CompTIA Linux+ Study Guide” written by Richard Blum and Christine Bresnahan, it’s the latest available. It will go into detail about everything I’ve mentioned and plenty more if you want to contiue learning. Warning it may seem intense for newcomers, but if you are looking to change careers or pick up a new hobby, try it, each chapter can be broken down into a week; reading about 10 or so pages a day depending on the density; honestly take the practice question at the end of the chapter, some chapters can be finished quicker but just pace it, or skim and scan; you’re only competing with yourself. Fedora and Ubuntu aren’t for everyone, just like Windows. Budgie is a desktop similar to the old-school Microsoft feel except without the spying and bajillion outbound pings that are not manually made that you can sniff with @Wireshark.
90% of servers and supercomputers that host your data or favorite websites data run off a Linux OS worldwide; the more bells and whistles a OS has the more exploits can be wiggled in, Apple has a sleek OS but even in lockdown mode XNU it isn’t as secure as some Linux distros. Some agree it’s the closed source problem and hidden spyware lol, or BLE probe broadcasts even programmed to work even in Airplane mode.
Summary
So the question is, which is more secure? well, here’s an official path-based and inode comparison, but Linux is modular so, is the title even a question? If you have read all of this one thing I didn’t dig into is telemetry.
From note-taking to bug hunting. There is an OS for you, like Tails for extreme privacy, Kali and Parrot for pen-testing, REM for evaluating malware, PopOS and Elementary based on Ubuntu. QubesOS, and Silverblue based on Fedora/RHEL, and many many more, on top of that you can even start building your own, anytime, anyday.
At one point there was even a Hannah Montana themed Linux distribution. No, we’re not making that up. The world is a weird place. @Redhat
@Redhat, @Canonical, @Fedora, @Ubuntu, @ANSI, @ISO, #Unix, #Linux, #Microsoft, #Apple,
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